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6、颂歌体(Ode)
最先由希腊著名女诗人莎孚为伴奏合唱所设置的一种诗体,后经品达和贺拉斯等人完善成型。颂歌一般冗长,主要用于抒情,比如品达的颂歌体主要用于祝贺神灵、重大事件、重大经历,以及讴歌赞美一些特定的个体形象等;而贺拉斯颂歌体主要用于个人情感的描写。颂歌韵律可变,在结构上大多是含有四行或五行的节组成,颂歌的节一般均经过精心设计,读起来感觉威严,庄重和神圣。
颂歌体经历近三千年诗歌创作历程中已经被发展为最为复杂,最为精致和最有尊严的诗意表现形式之一。最初颂歌是主要用于合唱伴奏乐,后慢慢演变为“抒情诗”诗体。颂歌主要用于称赞和荣耀成功人士,赞颂他们所取得的巨大成就或辉煌胜利,同时,也被用于讴歌和赞美大自然壮丽的画境。
Ode to a Nightingale
John Keats (1795-1821)
My heart aches, and a drowsy numbness pains
My sense, as though of hemlock I had drunk,
Or emptied some dull opiate to the drains
One minute past, and Lethe-wards had sunk:
'Tis not through envy of the happy lot,
But being too happy in thy happiness,–
That thou, light-winged Dryad of the trees,
In some melodious plot
Of beechen green, and shadows numberless,
Singest of summer in full-throated ease.
O for a draught of vintage, that hath been
Cooled a long age in the deep-delved earth,
Tasting of Flora and the country green,
Dance, and Provencal song, and sun-burnt mirth!
O for a beaker full of the warm South,
Full of the true, the blushful Hippocrene,
With beaded bubbles winking at the brim,
And purple-stained mouth;
That I might drink, and leave the world unseen,
And with thee fade away into the forest dim:
Fade far away, dissolve, and quite forget
What thou among the leaves hast never known,
The weariness, the fever, and the fret
Here, where men sit and hear each other groan;
Where palsy shakes a few, sad, last gray hairs,
Where youth grows pale, and spectre-thin, and dies;
Where but to think is to be full of sorrow
And leaden-eyed despairs;
Where beauty cannot keep her lustrous eyes,
Or new love pine at them beyond tomorrow.
7、三拍子(Terza rima/Tercet)
三拍子每节由三行组成的诗体,通常押韵。韵律可变,但一般为“aba”韵律, 节间韵律可以不同,比如首节为aba,第二节以b启韵,可改换成“bcb”,而第三节则启称c韵,变为“cdc”以此类推. 三拍子常被用于十四行诗、颂诗、诗章和一种19行法国诗歌(法国16世纪韦拉内特诗体19行诗,见下文)等诗体中,用于构建不同诗意的表达。简言之,三拍子既可以单独成诗,也可以作为其他诗体的构成部分, 三拍子诗体可以容许诗人在三行诗体的基础上进一步创作出可长可短的诗歌,比如雪莱的《西风颂》的写作就是利用了三个“三拍子”加上一个十四行诗歌所特有的结尾对偶句(3X4+2=14行)。
自中世纪从意大利出现以来,三拍子已经作为诗歌的“组件”成为无韵诗和自由诗体的一个组成部分。在一首较长诗歌中嵌入一段三拍子可以怎强整首诗歌的音乐感。
The Eagle
Alfred, Lord Tennyson (1809-92)
He clasps the crag with crooked hands:
Close to the sun it lonely lands,
Ringed with the azure world, it stands.
The wrinkled sea beneath him crawls;
He watches from his mountain walls,
And like a thunderbolt he falls.
三拍子为基础的十四行诗
Ode to the West Wind
Percy Bysshe Shelley (1795-1825)
O wild West Wind, thou breath of Autumn’s being,
Thou, from whose unseen presence the leaves dead
Are driven, like ghosts from an enchanter fleeing.
(第一个三拍子)
Yellow, and black, and pale, and hectic red,
Pestilence-striken multitudes: O thou,
Who chariotest to their dark wintry bed
(第二个三拍子)
The winged seeds, where they lie cold and low,
Each like a corpse within its grave, until
Thine azure sister of the Spring shall blow
(第三个三拍子)
Her clarion o'er the dreaming earth, and fill
(Driving sweet buds like flocks to feed in air)
With living hues and odours plain and hill:
(第四个三拍子)
Wild Spirit, which art moving everywhere;
Destroyer and preserver; hear, oh hear!
韵式:第一个三拍子:a-b-a;第二个三拍子:b-c-b; 第三个三拍子:c-d-c; 第四个三拍子:d-e-d; 最后一对偶句:e-e。
8、韦拉内拉诗体(villanelle)
该诗体为19行固定格式诗体,整首由5个“三拍子”加上一个押韵的对联“四行诗”收尾(由整首诗歌的第一行和第三行以对偶形式构成最后的结尾句),因此共有19行,每行6到11个音节,节拍为抑扬三步格、四步格或五步格,韵律则以aba-aba-aba-aba-aba-abaa 的格式押韵。 每个三拍子的最后一行和下一个三拍子的第一行同韵,使得相邻两节的第一和第三行之间使用重复韵。
韦拉内特诗体通常被视为现代经典形式。自20世纪开始,深受包括王尔德、埃德温·阿灵顿·罗宾逊(Edwin Arlington Robinson)、WH,潮奥登(W.H. Auden)、西尔维亚·普拉斯(Sylvia Plath)、伊丽莎白·毕晓普(Elizabeth Bishop)、西奥多·罗特克(Theodore Roethke)、希尼(Seamus Heaney)等在内的著名诗人喜爱。比如,风靡近一个世纪诗歌“不要温和地走进那个良夜”,(狄兰·托马斯)就是一首韦拉内特诗。
Mad Girl’s Love Song
Sylvia Plath (1932-1963)
I shut my eyes and all the world drops dead,
I lift my lids and all is born again.
(I think I made you up inside my head)
The stars go waltzing out in blue and red,
And arbitrary darkness gallops in.
I shut my eyes and all the world drops dead.
I dreamed that you bewitched me into bed
And sung me moon-struck, kissed me quite insane.
(I think I made you up inside my head).
God topples from the sky, hell’s fires fade:
Exit seraphim and enter Satan’s men:
I shut my eyes and all the world drops dead.
I fancied you’d return the way you said.
But I grow old and I forget your name.
(I think I made you up inside my head).
I should have loved a thunderbird instead;
At least when spring comes they roar back again.
I shut my eyes and all the world drops dead.
(I think I made you up inside my head).
(括号内的行不计数,5个三拍子加上1个四行诗) |
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